PYROLYSIS

Background

Thermochemical treatment technology is essential in organic solid waste quantity reduction and energy conversion. Traditional waste thermochemical treatment technology mainly includes incineration, gasification, and pyrolysis.

· Incineration: enough air supply.

· Gasification: Partial of the air supply.

· Pyrolysis: No oxygen supply in principle.

All incineration processes contain pyrolysis and gasification processes; all gasification processes contain pyrolysis processes.

Advantages, disadvantages, and scope of application of 3 thermochemical treatment technologies:

Technology

Advantages

Disadvantages

Application

Incineration

● Large capacity, high speed, and small footprint.
● Effective waste reduction and disinfection.
● Highest reduction rate and complete processing.

● High investment & operation costs, low utilization rate.

● High secondary pollution by fly ash and dioxin.
● Requirement on heating value.

● Large-scale centralized waste disposal, minimum 500 tpd MSW.
● The larger scale, the better benefit.
Power generation.

Gasification and Incineration

● Controllable flexible scale.

● Wide application range.
● Considerable quantity and volume reduction.

● Low calorific value syn-gas.

● High investment & operation cost, low resource utilization efficiency.

● Secondary pollution by fly ash and dioxin.
● Requirements on moisture content and calorific value.

● Similar to incineration but with better pollution control. Suitable for medium-scale plants.

● Flexible for power generation or low-quality heat energy.

Pyrolysis

carbonization

● Controllable flexible scale.

● Low investment, wide application range.

● Small flue gas flow, no dioxin and secondary pollution. Considerable quantity & volume reduction.
● High calorific value syn-gas, high resource utilization rate.

● Per-ton investment equal to incineration or gasification.

● Preheat drying required for over 30% moisture wastes.
● Requirements on calorific value.

● Suitable for small and medium-sized waste disposal.

● Power generation.

● High-value-added products.

JADE compared to traditional pyrolysis technology

Pyrolysis Technology	JADE Pyrolysis	Traditional Pyrolysis
Syngas quality	Calorific value 15-17 MJ/KG. 2 - 3 times of syngas from traditional pyrolysis gasifiers.	Caloric value 4-7 MJ/KG.
Tar reforming	Tar reformed, solved the tar problem thoroughly. More stable operation.	Can not solve tar blockage problem completely. Unstable operation.
Flue gas treatment	Avoid fly ash and dioxins secondary pollution of flue gas by purification and reforming. Low investment in flue gas treatment.	Syn-gas usually not purified prior to burning in the 2^ndcombustion chamber. Requires many process in flue gas treatment.
Energy utilization	Optimized utilization of the system's high-temperature sensible heat, high heat treatment efficiency, highly efficient energy usage, and low operation energy consumption.	Low efficiency energy usage. Requires auxiliary fuel. High operating costs.
Resource utilization	Adjustable output ratio of gas, oil, and carbon based on customers’ needs and wastes properties. High adaptability and resources utilization level.	Difficult to carry out process designs according to other raw materials and the diverse needs of customers.

Principle

Pyrolysis, usually in the absence of oxygen, water vapor, or heated CO₂ in the reactor, is the process by which a material is heated to cause the molecules to decompose into fuel (gas, liquid, and carbon black). Due to the decomposition under anoxic conditions, fewer emissions are conducive to reducing the atmospheric environment and secondary pollution. Most of the sulfur and heavy metals in the waste are fixed in carbon black. The pyrolysis products vary significantly with the pyrolysis temperature.

Treatment objects: digestate, plastic, straw, combustible garbage, industrial organic waste (including organic hazardous waste), municipal sludge, paper sludge, oil sludge, etc.

Reactor types and features

Type	Spiral pyrolysis	Rrotary kiln pyrolysis	Multi-stage pyrolizer
Application	1) dispersing domestic waste. 2) industrial wastes. 3) carbon production from biomass. 4) some hazardous wastes.	1) tire cracking. 2) industrial sludge and oil sludge. 3) domestic waste. 4) some hazardous wastes.	1) sludge disposal. 2) disposal of industrial waste salt. 3) activated carbon reactivation.
Features	1) Easily controllable reaction time. 2) Efficient energy use, customized products according to demands. 3) Good sealing and improved environment & safety. 4) adjustable gaseous composition of the volatile matter. 5) not suitable for super-scale plants.	1) wide application range, simple operation. 2) the balance operation of high moisture content material can be realized. 3) the pyrolysis time can be controlled according to the material properties. 4) high power demand, poor sealing, and large land occupation.	1) Easily controllable reaction time. 2) wide application range. 3) vertical furnace, small land occupation. 4) Certain requirements on moisture content.
Picture

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